janina

By Adeel Mirza Risk Management is a hot topic in the financial sector especially in the light of the recent losses of some multinational corporations e.g. collapses of Britains Barings Bank, WorldCom and also due to the incident of 9/11. Rapid changes in business condition, restructuring of organizations to cope with ever increasing competition, development of new products, emerging markets and increase in cross border transactions along with complexity of transactions has exposed Financial Institutions to new risks dimensions. Thus the concept of risk has captured a growing importance in modern financial society. By facilitating transactions and making credit and other financial products available, the financial sector is a crucial building block for private as well as public sector development. In its broadest definition, it includes everything from banks, stock exchanges, and insurers, to credit unions, microfinance institutions and moneylenders. As an efficient service provider, the financial sector simultaneously fulfils an important function in the overall economy. Various types of Financial Institutions actively working in Financial Sectors include Banks, DFIs, Micro Finance Banks, Leasing Companies, Modarabas, Assets Management Company, Mutual Funds, etc. Thus todays operating environment demands systematic and more integrated risk management approach. Risk: Risk by default has tow components; uncertainty and exposure. If both are not present, there is no risk. Definition of Risk as per Guidelines on Risk Management issued by State Bank of Pakistan is, Financial risk in a banking organization is possibility that the outcome of an action or event could bring up adverse impacts. Such outcomes could either result in a direct loss of earnings / capital or may result in imposition of constraints on banks ability to meet its business objectives. Such constraints pose a risk as these could hinder a bank’s ability to conduct its ongoing business or to take benefit of opportunities to enhance its business. Types of Risks: Risks are usually defined by the adverse impact on profitability of several distinct sources of uncertainty. More or less all financial institutions have to manage the following faces of risks: 1. Credit Risk 2. Market Risk 3. Liquidity Risk 4. Operational Risk 5. Country Risk 6. Legal Risks 7. Compliance Risk 8. Reputational Risk Broadly speaking there are four risks as per Risk Management Guidelines which surround Financial Sector i.e. Credit Risk, Market Risk, Liquidity Risk and Operational Risk. These risk are elaborated here under: i. Credit Risk This is the risk incurred in case of a counter-party default. It arises from lending activities, investing activities and from buying and selling financial assets on behalf of others. This risk is associated with financing transactions i.e.: a. Default in repayment by the borrower and b. Default in obliging the commitment by another Financial Institution in case of syndicated arrangements. It is the most critical risk in banking and one that must be managed carefully. It is also the risk that requires the most subjective judgment despite constant efforts to improve and quantify the credit decision process. ii. Market Risk Market risk is defined as the volatility of income or market value due to fluctuations in underlying market factors such as currency, interest rates, or credit spreads. For commercial banks, the market risk of the stable liquidity investment portfolio arises from mismatches between the risk profile of the assets and their funding. This risk involves interest rate risk in all of its components: equity risk, exchange risk and commodity risk. iii. Liquidity Risk The liquidity risk is defined as the risk of not being able to meet its commitments or not being able to unwind or offset a position by an organization in a timely fashion because it cannot liquidate assets at reasonable prices when required. iv. Operational Risk This risk results from inadequacies in the conception, organization, or implementation of procedures for recording any events concerning banks operations in the accounting system/information systems. Need for Risk Management and Monitoring: There are a number of reasons as to why there is so much emphasis given to Risk Management in Financial Sector now a day. Some of them are listed below: - 1. Present structure of joint stock companies, wherein owners are not the mangers, hence risks increase; therefore proper tools are required to achieve the desired results by covering the risks. 2. The financial sector has come out of simple deposit and lending function. 3. The world has become very complex so the financial transactions and instruments. 4. Increase in the number of cross border transactions which caries its own risks. 5. Emerging markets 6. Terrorism Remittances Risk monitoring in financial sector is very crucial and an inevitable part of risk management. Risk Monitoring is important in the financial sector due to the following reasons: 1. Deals in others money 2. Direct stake of deposit holder. 3. Much riskier sector than trading and manufacturing. 4. Previous / Recent problems faced by banks i.e. stuck portfolio that is credit risk. 5. Bankruptcy of Barings Bank due to short selling / long position that is market risk. 6. Operational risk does not has immediate impact, but important for continuity and progress of organization. 7. Appetite of a financial institution to take risk is related with the capital base of the institute so it caries a huge risk of over exposure. Components of Risk Management Frame Work Risk Management Frame Work has five components. First of all risk is Identified, then it is Assessed to classify, seek solution and management, after assessing quick Response and implementation of solution and the last phase is Monitoring of the risk management progress and Learning from this experience that such problem never occur again. Whole process is to be well Communicated during the entire process of risk management if it is to be managed efficiently. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has defined risk management as the identification, analysis, evaluation, treatment (control), monitoring, review and communication of risk. These activities can be applied in a systematic or ad hoc manner. The presumption is that systematic application of these activities will result in improved decision-making and, most likely, improved outcomes. Structure of Risk Management Depending upon the structure and operations of organization, financial risk management can be implemented in different ways. Risk management structure defines the different layers of an organization at which risk is identified and managed. Although there are different layers or level at which risk is managed but there are three layers which are common to all. i.e. Risk Management For managing risk there are certain basic principles which are to be followed by every organization: 1. Corporate level Policies 2. Risk management strategy 3. Well-defined policies and procedures by senior management 4. Dissemination, implementation and compliance of policies and procedures 5. Accountability of individuals heading various functions/ business lines 6. Independent Risk review function 7. Contingency plans 8. Tools to monitor risks Institutions can reduce some risks simply by researching them. A bank can reduce its credit risk by getting to know its borrowers. A brokerage firm can reduce market risk by being knowledgeable about the markets it operates in. Functionally, there are four aspects of financial risk management. Success depends upon A. A positive corporate culture, No one can manage risk if they are not prepared to take risk. While individual initiative is critical, it is the corporate culture which facilitates the process. A positive risk culture is one which promotes individual responsibility and is supportive of risk taking. B. Actively observed policies and procedures Used correctly, procedures are powerful tool of risk management. The purpose of policies and procedures is to empower people. They specify how people can accomplish what needs to be done. The success of policies and procedures depends critically upon a positive risk culture. C. Effective use of technology The primary role technology plays in risk management is risk assessment and communication. Technology is employed to quantify or otherwise summarize risks as they are being taken. It then communicates this information to decision makers, as appropriate. D. Independence or risk management professionals To get the desired outcome from risk management, risk managers must be independent of risk taking functions within the organization. Enrons experience with risk management is instructive. The firm maintained a risk management function staffed with capable employees. Lines of reporting were reasonably independent in theory, but less so in practice. Internal Controls Para one on first page of the Guidelines on Internal Controls issued by SBP provides: Internal Control refers to policies, plans and processes as affected by the Board of Directors and performed on continuous basis by the senior management and all levels of employees within the bank. These internal controls are used to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of organizational objectives. The system of internal controls includes financial, operational and compliance controls. The current official definition of internal control was developed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. In its influential report, Internal Control - Integrated Framework, the Commission defines internal control as follows: Internal control is a process, effected by an entity’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:  Effectiveness and efficiency of operations.  Reliability of financial reporting.  Compliance with applicable laws and regulations. This definition reflects certain fundamental concepts:  Internal control is a process. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself.  Internal control is effected by people. It is not policy manuals and forms, but people at every level of an organization.  Internal control can be expected to provide only reasonable assurance, not absolute assurance, to an entity’s management and board. Internal control should assist and never impede management and staff from achieving their objectives. Control must be taken seriously. A well-designed system of internal control is worse than worthless unless it is complied with, since the assemblance of control will be likely to convey a false sense of assurance. Controls are there to be kept, not avoided. For instance, exception reports should be followed up. Senior management should set a good example about control compliance. For instance, physical access restrictions to secure areas should be observed equally by senior management as by junior personnel. Components of Internal Controls Components of internal control also depend upon the structure of the business unit and nature of its operation. The COSO Report describes the internal control process as consisting of five interrelated components that are derived from and integrated with the management process. The components are interrelated, which means that each component affects and is affected by the other four. These five components, which are the necessary foundation for an effective internal control system, include: I. Control Environment, Control environment, an intangible factor and the first of the five components, is the foundation for all other components of internal control, providing discipline and structure and encompassing both technical competence and ethical commitment. II. Risk Assessments, Organizations exist to achieve some purpose or goal. Goals, because they tend to be broad, are usually divided into specific targets known as objectives. A risk is anything that endangers the achievement of an objective. Risk assessments is done to determine the relative potential for loss in programs and functions and to design the most cost-effective and productive internal controls. III. Control Activities, Control activities mean the structure, policies, and procedures, which an organization establishes so that identified risks do not prevent the organization from reaching its objectives. Policies, procedures, and other items like job descriptions, organizational charts and supervisory standards, do not, of course, exist only for internal control purposes. These activities are basic management practices. IV. Information and Communication, and Organizations must be able to obtain reliable information to determine their risks and communicate policies and other information to those who need it. Information and communication, the fourth component of internal control, articulates this factor. V. Monitoring Life is change; internal controls are no exception. Satisfactory internal controls can become obsolete through changes in external circumstances. Therefore, after risks are identified, policies and procedures put into place, and information on control activities communicated to staff, superiors must then implement the fifth component of internal control, monitoring. Even the best internal control plan will be unsuccessful if it is not followed. Monitoring allows the management to identify whether controls are being followed before problems occur. In the same way, management must review weaknesses identified by audits to determine whether related internal controls need revision. Tools for Monitoring of Risk Management Information System M.I.S or Management Information System is the collection and analysis of data in order to support managements decision with respect to the achievement of objectives mentioned in the policies and procedures and the control of various risks therein. It is this area i.e. M.I.S, where I.T can play a vital and effective role as with the help of I.T large information may be analyzed efficiently and with accuracy, so that effective decision may be taken by the management without the loss of any time. Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO) In most cases, day-to-day risk assessment and management is assigned to a specialized committee, such as an Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO). Duties pertaining to key elements of the risk management process should be adequately separated to avoid potential conflicts of interest - in other words, a financial institutions risk monitoring and control functions should be sufficiently independent from its risk-taking functions. Larger or more complex institutions often have a designated, independent unit responsible for the design and administration of balance sheet management, including interest rate risk. Given today’s widespread innovation in banking and the dynamics of markets, banks should identify any risks inherent in a new product or service before it is introduced, and ensure that these risks are promptly considered in the assessment and management process. Corporate Governance Principles Corporate governance relates to the manner in which the business of the organization is governed, including setting corporate objectives and a institutions risk profile, aligning corporate activities and behaviors with the expectation that the management will operate in a safe and sound manner, running day-to-day operations within an established risk profile, while protecting the interests of depositors and other stakeholders. It is defined by a set of relationships between the institutions management, its board, its shareholders, and other stakeholders. The key elements of sound corporate governance in a bank include: a) A well-articulated corporate strategy against which the overall success and the contribution of individuals can be measured. b) Setting and enforcing clear assignment of responsibilities, decision-making authority and accountabilities that are appropriate for the bank’s risk profile. c) A strong financial risk management function (independent of business lines), adequate internal control systems (including internal and external audit functions), and functional process design with the necessary checks and balances. d) Corporate values, codes of conduct and other standards of appropriate behavior, and effective systems used to ensure compliance. This includes special monitoring of a bank’s risk exposures where conflicts of interest are expected to appear (e.g., relationships with affiliated parties). e) Financial and managerial incentives to act in an appropriate manner offered to the board, management and employees, including compensation, promotion and penalties. (i.e., compensation should be consistent with the bank’s objectives, performance, and ethical values). f) Transparency and appropriate information flows internally and to the public. Tools mentioned above can be utilized in identifying and managing different risks in the following manner: I. Credit Risk It is managed by setting prudent limits for exposures to individual transaction, counterparties and portfolios. Credits limits are set by reference to credit rating established by Credit Rating Agencies, methodologies established by Regulators and as per Boards direction. Monitoring of per party exposure Monitoring of group exposure Monitoring of banks exposure in contingent liabilities Banks exposure in clean facilities Analysis of banks exposure product wise Analysis of concentration of banks exposure in various segments of economy Product profitability reports II. Market Financial Institutions should also have an adequate system of internal controls to oversee the interest rate risk management process. A fundamental component of such a system is a regular, independent review and evaluation to ensure the system’s effectiveness and, when appropriate, to recommend revisions or enhancements. Interest rate risk should be monitored on a consolidated basis, including the exposure of subsidiaries. The institution’s board of directors has ultimate responsibility for the management of interest rate risk. The board approves the business strategies that determine the degree of exposure to risk and provides guidance on the level of interest rate risk that is acceptable to the institution, on the policies that limit risk exposure, and on the procedures, lines of authority, and accountability related to risk management. The board also should systematically review risk, in such a way as to fully understand the level of risk exposure and to assess the performance of management in monitoring and controlling risks in compliance with board policies. Reports to senior management should provide aggregate information and a sufficient level of supporting detail to facilitate a meaningful evaluation of the level of risk, the sensitivity of the bank to changing market conditions, and other relevant factors. The Asset and Liability Committee (ALCO) plays a key role in the oversight and coordinated management of market risk. ALCOs meet monthly. Investment mandates and risk limits are reviewed on a regular basis, usually annually to ensure that they remain valid. Risk Management and Risk Budgets A risk budget establishes the tolerance of the board or its delegates to income or capital loss due to market risk over a given horizon, typically one year because of the accounting cycle. (Institutions that are not sensitive to annual income requirements may have a longer horizon, which would also allow for a greater degree of freedom in portfolio management.). Once an annual risk budget has been established, a system of risk limits needs to be put in place to guard against actual or potential losses exceeding the risk budget. There are two types of risk limits, and both are necessary to constrain losses to within the prescribed level (the risk budget). The first type is stop-loss limits, which control cumulative losses from the mark-to-market of existing positions relative to the benchmark. The second is position limits, which control potential losses that could arise from future adverse changes in market prices. Stop-loss limits are set relative to the overall risk budget. The allocation of the risk budget to different types of risk is as much an art as it is a science, and the methodology used will depend on the set-up of the individual investment process. Some of the questions that affect the risk allocation include the following: * What are the significant market risks of the portfolio? * What is the correlation among these risks? * How many risk takers are there? * How is the risk expected to be used over the course of a year? Compliance with stop-loss limits requires frequent, if not daily, performance measurement. Performance is the total return of the portfolio less the total return of the benchmark. The measurement of performance is a critical statistic for monitoring the usage of the risk budget and compliance with stop-loss limits. Position limits also are set relative to the overall risk budget, and are subject to the same considerations discussed above. The function of position limits, however, is to constrain potential losses from future adverse changes in prices or yields. III. Liquidity Risk The Basel Committee has established certain quantitative standards for internal models when they are used in the capital adequacy context. a. Allocation of capital into various types of business after taking into account the operational risks i.e. disruption of business activity, which has especially increased due to excessive EDP usage b. Allocation of the capital is also made amongst various products i.e. long term, short term, consumer, corporate etc. considering the risks involved in each product and its life cycle to avoid any liquidity crunch for which gap analysis is made. This is the job of ALCO c. For instance Contingent liabilities not more than 10 times of capital, d. Fund based not more than 6 times of capital e. Capital market operations not more than 1 time of capital f. However these limits cannot exceed the regulations. g. Parameters of controls Regulatory Requirements Boards directions Prudent practices For liquidity management organizations are compelled to hold reserves for unexpected liquidity demands. The ALCO has responsibility for setting and monitoring liquidity risk limits. These limits are set by Regulatory Bodies and under Boards directions keeping in mind the market condition and past experience. The Basel Accord comprises a definition of regulatory capital, measures of risk exposure, and rules specifying the level of capital to be maintained in relation to these risks. It introduced a de facto capital adequacy standard, based on the risk-weighted composition of a bank’s assets and off-balance-sheet exposures that ensures that an adequate amount of capital and reserves is maintained to safeguard solvency. The 1988 Basel Accord primarily addressed banking in the sense of deposit taking and lending (commercial banking under US law), so its focus was credit risk. In the early 1990s, the Basel Committee decided to update the 1988 accord to include bank capital requirements for market risk. This would have implications for non-bank securities firms. Thus, the formula for determining capital adequacy can be illustrated as follows: = Tier I + Tier 2 + Tier 3 *- 8% . Risk-weighted Assets + (Market Risk Capital Charge x 12.5) IV. Operational Risk To manage this risk documented policies and procedures are established. In addition, regular training is provided to ensure that staffs are well aware of organizations objective, statutory requirements. Reporting of major/ unusual/ exceptional transactions with respect to ensuring the compliance of the principles of KYC and Anti-money laundering measure Analysis of system problems Conclusion For any business to grow and stay in the market management style is a key and Risk management is basically the management style of managing the risks. It is so important and that State Bank of Pakistan plans to replace Prudential Regulations with Risk management guidelines, which will be adopted by banks according to their size and complexity of operations. Risk is inherent in every business and every organization has to manage it according to its size and nature of operation because without it no organization no organization can survive in long run. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Adeel_Mirza http://EzineArticles.com/?Managing-Risk-in-Financial-Sector&id=251370 buy xanax buying xanax online xanax no prescription ships to us buy xanax with no prescription

By Russ Miles There are some things that we as persons, born on this planet, have no control over. Our own birth defects are included in that scenario. While there are those who believe that we ourselves choose what obstacles we must face and overcome in this life, prior to our earthly birth, I am not one who buys that. I did not choose to be born deaf. Be that what it may, I was entered this world with a 70% hearing loss in both ears. It didnt take my Mother long to recognize my hearing deficiency. She had been born a hearing impaired person too. My Mother determined that her child would not hide his deficiency, as she had been allowed to do. Mom, as a child, had many siblings. Most of her sisters were older than she so hers were hand-me-down clothes. Poor, nearly deaf, she had taken a back seat in classrooms in an effort to not call attention to herself and her perceived inadequacies. Always, when called upon by a teacher, Mother would say, I dont know As she later told me, The alternative answer would have been even more humiliating, I didnt hear! I would never be allowed to make such an unwise determination. Every year, the first day of grammar school, Mother would march me before the teachers and tell them, in no uncertain terms, This boy can not hear. I want him in a front desk, and I dont want him moved around the room! As any otherwise normal kid would, I hated it. I asked her, Why do you have to make such a big thing about this? I hear alright, I insisted. Of course you do, was her reply. Because, I love you, I want you to hear what your teachers say and not have the articulation problems that Ive had learning to form your own words correctly. I didnt really comprehend, until later, the significance of the second part of Mothers answer. But yeah, I knew that she did love me. Even though I often resented the seating restriction, I was ever to be found occupying a front desk. As a direct result of my Pushy Mothers intervention, I was not distracted by classroom conversations which were not part of the curriculum. I couldnt get away with anything because the teachers would catch me. And, I learned to properly pronounce most words because I Heard them. Mothers vocabulary was excellent, her speech clear, as she had invested many childhood hours in a dictionary, looking up words that she felt she might need with emphasis on pronunciation. In grade school, I was spared that responsibility which I would not have taken upon myself anyway. It wasnt until high school that I learned to be stupid in my selection of where to sit. I never even considered that perhaps misunderstanding assignments, or not hearing what instructors actually said, had something to do with how hard I had to struggle. Later, I was witness to what might have happened to me if not for having a Pushy Mom. A cousin inherited the same type of hearing loss I was born with. His mother didnt bother to be pushy on this issue. He was shuffled along through school and treated like someone with a learning impairment. No wonder, for when he spoke he sounded retarded. For a while, as an adult, I sold hearing aids. When I checked my cousins hearing, it was virtually identical to my own. Only then, did I fully comprehend and appreciate the wonderful gift my mother had given me by being Pushy. If you have a child that doesnt have excellent hearing, consider becoming a Pushy Parent, if only on this one issue. It is one thing that you can do for your child ~ on this planet ~ to level the playing field while he or she is too young to appreciate it. Russ Miles is author of the novel, For Sale By Owners:FSBO. A Seasoned Real Estate NAR Broker, disabled by Multiple Sclerosis, writes books & articles on varied subjects. Google russ miles FOR SALE BY OWNERS:FSBO ISBN 0-595-28703-4,in trade paperback, is available by phone or Internet:1-800-Authors to order direct! Adobe e-book & hard cover editions also available FSBO at Amazon.com at Barnes and Noble and other fine booksellers. Comments: MilesRuss@Gmail.com.[Visit soulful-writer.com] Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Russ_Miles http://EzineArticles.com/?Pushy-Deaf-Kids-Mom&id=18650 buy xanax valium ambien zolpidem buy valium no prescription buy carisoprodol diazepam online order valium no prescription

By KG Stiles The results are in for this natural weight loss formula using pure organic essential oils. This organic essential oil formula is a perfect balance of aromas for curbing your appetite, as well as helping to relieve food cravings, enhance your digestion and metabolism and burn excess fat! Here’s the basic recipe for a potent synergistic weight loss blend: Pure Organic Essential Oils of Pink Grapefruit, Sweet Orange and Lemon. The oils in this recipe are formulated in a 1:1:1 ratio! I can assure you the basic pure essential oil recipe I am sharing with you is an incredible combo for the magical effect of suppressing your appetite, burning excess fat, increasing your metabolis and enhancing your digestion, FAST! Here’s some information on the essential oils in this recipe to help you understand why this particular combination of oils work so powerful for fast weight loss! FIRST INGREDIENT: Pink Grapefruit oil, has a long standing reputation as a “dieter’s friend” and is often recommended for treating eating disorders and overweight or obesity issues and is especially helpful for controlling sweet cravings. It has been used effectively in anti-cellulite blends. Pink Grapefruit is a cleansing and revitalizing tonic with a bright, crisp aroma that will energize and uplift your spirit. I can’t help but think of the Beatle’s song, “Ruby in the Sky with Diamonds,” whenever I take a whiff of Pink Grapefruit because it sparkles just like diamonds and leaves me feeling all warm and happy inside. Pink Grapefruit is also recommended for enhancing one’s self esteem and definitely gives you an added sense of “you can do it!” SECOND INGREDIENT: Sweet Orange which has a very sweet and fresh orange aroma that’s warm and inviting, a rejuvenating and uplifting tonic for the mind and emotions. The friendly scent of Sweet Orange oil will immediately freshen and enliven your mood, creating an inner ambiance! As with other members of the citrus family Orange’s natural astringency makes it an effective tonic for the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Sweet Orange stimulates the release of lactic acid that builds up in the muscles which causes stiffness and contributes to loss of desire for activity and movement. Orange oil acts to replenish skin cells and smooth out an uneven complexion, lines and wrinkles. Orange is a decidedly happy oil and eases physical and emotional tension. THIRD INGREDIENT: Lemon is the potent third ingredient in my appetite suppressant recipe. Lemon oil acts as a powerful cleansing tonic. It has a tart and tangy, clean lemon scent and smells like the freshly grated peel. Lemon is a known physical tonic and helps stimulate blood and lymph circulation to effectively cleanse and tonify the body. It is useful for treating circulatory problems such as “spider” veins, or broken capillaries. A strong germicide Lemon is highly antiseptic and helps to purify and rid the body of toxins. Its natural astringency makes it excellent for the removal of waste products and fatty tissue. Lemon is popular in anti-cellulite blends! TIP FOR USE: Inhale this powerful weight loss blend of pure essential oils just before eating to control and curb your food cravings and hunger pangs. Not only will it stop your incessant urge to eat it will also improve your digestion and metabolism, as well as help you burn excess fat - FAST! To lose and maintain weight loss FAST try this powerful weight loss recipe made. Be sure to use pure organic essential oils for best therapeutic results! Properly administered essential oils are a natural, safe and effective way to enhance your health and well-being and may produce satisfying results where other methods have failed. Aromatherapy is a complementary and alternative healing therapy for improving your physical, mental, and emotional health. PLEASE NOTE: There are many cheap chemical copies of essential oils available, but these are not recommended for therapeutic use. For best results always use ethically wild crafted or pure, organic essential oils that are pesticide free! KG Stiles is a certified aromatherapist practicing in Ashland, OR USA PurePlant Essentials is her line of pure organic essential oils. KG specializes in formulating aromatic remedies for weight loss, colds & flu, insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression, menopause, anti-aging, skin care and more. Click to learn more & purchase APPETITE SUPPRESSANT Click to learn more & purchase WEIGHT LOSS SUPPORT Click to learn about & purchase PINK GRAPEFRUIT More info? Contact: KG Stiles Springhill Wellness Center, 2520 Springhill Drive Ashland, OR USA (541) 941-7315 Mahalo! Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=KG_Stiles http://EzineArticles.com/?Aromatherapy—Powerful-Natural-Weight-Loss-Fast&id=219395 pay pal order carisoprodol buy soma free delivery i need to order soma muscle relaxefor my neck and back pharmacy soma

By Neil Warner Can you think of having a good enemy in your relationships? If you need to fight with someone, what kind of response from this person is best for you? Let’s think of what it means to do battle with a “good enemy”! A Good Enemy does not avoid the confrontation, does not escape from your angry words, does not slam the door and/or rejects the whole interaction. A person who is a good enemy stays and listens to the barrage of accusations, ignores the dramatic way of message delivery, and listens instead to the hidden content (which could be frustration, a deep need for contact, or the desperation of loneliness) And then this person can say to you, honestly: Thanks for telling me this: I will try to understand your point of view as best as I can. What is the difference? A Good Enemy refuses to escalate, and listens. This kind of response does not attempt to avoid the confrontation: it intends to process it by different means. It also means to listen to the message and ignore the envelope where the message was wrapped: angry words, high voice, aggressive words, emotional positioning, and recover the meaning hidden under the noises: There is a problem, someone is upset about it, and I’d better take notice and listen. Some people are so upset by the way things are said, that they don’t pay attention to what is said: in this way, the rejection of the wrapping allows them to reject content. Doing so they can ignore the whole message: the content and the style of delivery! A Good Enemy will try to repeat back to you the same content in different and respectful ways, up until you listen to yourself, own your own ideas even if it hurts, and then move to problem solving together! You can try to apply this technique in your own relationships: Adopt a listening attitude. Take Control of yourself, and refuse to retaliate. Repeat back the main points as close as you can, from the information you just listened to.(But avoid doing it in a hurting, ironic or sarcastic manner) Then ask for time to think about the issues, and to let your feelings settle down. (But fix a deadline for the next talk). See how your partner reacts to your new and different approach, and build momentum by shifting from confrontation mode into working a solution together mode. You will never regret it. This is one of the many other techniques you can use to respond your partners requests or to present your side of the story without risking damaging your relationship. If you can remember that beyond the high voices, rough words and impatient demeanor there is still a strong demand for your love, then the picture gets into a different frame, and perhaps you can recover the emotional connection that you so much need. To learn how to better manage your interpersonal conflicts and grow your relationships, claim your FREE 5 days Positive Conflicts Coach program at: http://www.positiveconflicts.com Neil Warner, Conflict Coach 3415 Galt Ocean Mile, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33308 Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Neil_Warner http://EzineArticles.com/?Relationships-Handbook:-How-to-be-a-Good-Enemy&id=185528 buy prescription tramadol without ultram pharmacy prescription drugs ultram buy tramadol now

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Steve_C_Clark]Steve C Clark Tenant loans are basically designed for people who dont have home of their own, So, tenant loan is an unsecured loan, available to non-home owners. Whether you are a tenant with a private house owner, staying in council home or staying with your parents, you can always borrow tenant loans. Infact, if you are a home owner but do not want to offer your home as security, even then you can go for tenant loans. There are lenders who even offer tenant loans to people with bad credit, new settles, etc. Eligibility for Tenant Loan As I discussed, a tenant loan is available almost to every one, however, to specify, a borrower should fulfill few specific requirements. Infact, the very nature of their job and contract are unable to actually own property or have any security for loan commitments. They may have a very high income but be highly mobile or be recently self employed with no accounts. All enquiries will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. However, your chances of obtaining a loan will be greatly enhanced if you can answer YES to the following: You have a permanent source of income or you are a salaried person or self employed. Have lived at your current address for over a year. have your own UK bank account Can show a credit record. Have a savings account to which you make regular payments Cost and Amount of Loan Like any other loan, in case of tenant loan, the amount to be offered depends on various factors, such as source of income, credit history, defaults in payments, year at current residence etc. Similarly, interest rate depends on various factors. Usually, tenant loans are offered upto 25,000 and payment duration various as decided between the borrower and the lender. Use of Tenant Loan In simple word, you can use the money received through Tenant Loan for whatever you want. Whether you want to buy a new car or want to go a luxury holiday, whether you want to repay your costly credit card bills or to manage your accounts properly, you can use tenant loan for anything you want. Steve Clark can tell you how to look better, live better and breathe better by giving you tips to improve your finances.He writes on loans. His ideas can help you rejuvenate your money.To find Personal loan UK,homeowner personal loan visit http://www.ezpersonalloansuk.co.uk Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Steve_C_Clark http://EzineArticles.com/?Tenant-Loan:-Loan-For-Non-Home-Owners&id=199923 purchase ambien cheap ambien online buy ambien buy cheap ambien zolpidem no prescription

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Jonathan_Bentz]Jonathan Bentz Getting ringtones for your cell phone has become one of the hottest ways to set yourself apart on todays scene. If you want to stand out in a crowd, the ringtone you choose can be a big step in the right direction. So you want a great ringtone, but have no idea what makes one great? Follow the advice below and learn where the bar has been raised by the top 10 list below, dubbed the first class of the ringtone Hall of Fame. Separating great ringtones from the rest of the bunch requires a series of judging criteria. First and foremost, a great ringtone must come from a great song. While it is possible for great songs to yield disappointing ringtones, the opposite is impossible. The ringtone must also be easily recognizable to many people. Everyone wants that ringtone that makes people smile and say, I love that song when your phone rings. From a musical standpoint, the ringtone must be created from one of three song portions: the intro, the hook, or the solo. The success of these three parts to the musical equation are make or break for hit songs, making them essential to the success of a ringtone. Because of the technology format, songs that make great ringtones also need to have simple layers. Songs with dueling drums or guitars cause a ringtone to sound cluttered, making it difficult to identify by ear. The intros to songs like Stairway to Heaven and A Thousand Miles make great ringtones because they are catchy and easy on the ear. In addition to coming from a particular section of a song, great ringtones must also feature a strong, repetitious percussion line. Whether that persistent pulse comes from the bass line of Drop It Like Its Hot or from the synthesizers in Take On Me, the ability for many people to recognize a specific song comes from that repetition. While the final keystones are being cemented into the ringtone shrine, here are the first ten inductees into the Ringtone Hall of Fame: 1. In Da Club 50 Cent Besides being Billboards inaugural “Ringtone of the Year” in 2004, 50s first #1 hit has a bass line built for making heads bob. The strings section adds suspense to the song and puts high notes on top of the gutter base line. Having In Da Club as a ringtone means the party is never farther away than your phone. 2. Stairway to Heaven Led Zeppelin The calming woodwind that accompanies Pages slow guitar picking makes for rock and ringtone heaven on earth. Several portions of this song have been made into ringtones, but the tone depicting the songs introduction is truly a classic. 3. Sweet Home Alabama Lynyrd Skynyrd Music fans of all ages get a smile on their face at the first sound of this southern-rock classic. Change a partys atmosphere from get together to jamboree by a simple ring-ring. The MP3 version is a required tone for country and classic rock fans. 4. Super Mario Brothers Game Theme The essential ringtone for gamers. The polyphonic tone is an exact replication of the track from 16-bit Nintendo. 5. Halloween Movie Theme Perfect custom tone for friends named Michael Myers. One of the most popular ringtones of all time that can outsell pop hits year round. 6. The Next Episode - Dr. Dre While many hip-hop ringtones sound poor due to the overuse of dull bass lines, The Next Episode features thumping bass and a pulsating G-funk guitar lick, creating the bench mark for multi layered ringtones. 7. Mission Impossible Theme Song Another incredibly popular ringtone despite its age that will only get more popular as the third installment of the movie franchise begins filming. Perfect as a custom tone for those over-demanding bosses in the workplace. 8. Sandstorm DaRude Like Super Mario Brothers, a distinct song replica is created by the polyphonic ringtone. A must for fans of techno music and another, sure fire, party-starter tone. 9. Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Theme Song The only hip-hop song your father can rap over is one of the most recognizable ringtones available. The beat is so contagious that setting it as your default ringer in a public place will cause a room to begin rhyming along as if they were Will Smith. 10. The Jetsons Theme Song While the Jetsons had a lot of great things in their future world, one thing they dont have is their own song as a phone ringer. We dont have flying automobiles yet, but show off the evolution of cell phone technology with the upbeat polyphonic ditty. Jonathan Bentz is an Associate Editor of the [http://coolringtones.blogspot.com]Cool Ringtones Blog and has downloaded 39 ringtones in the last month on his new Samsung camera phone. Check out [http://www.monstertones.com]MonsterTones for all the hottest ringtones. Enter promo code MJKB0 for a buy one, get one free special. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jonathan_Bentz http://EzineArticles.com/?10-Great-Ringtones-Make-All-Time-List&id=100960 order phentermine overnight generic phentermine without prescription phentermine us pharmacy phentermine online no doctor

By Riri Shandra How to get rid of a cold sore? What is the best way to get rid of a cold sore? Learning about herpes is very important so well understand what cold sore is, and how to get rid of a cold sore in the best way. A cold sore is called herpes labialis. It is caused by the herpes simplex type I virus, that generally affects the mouth on the lips and face and once you are infected with it, the virus remains with you for life. Though the virus stays dormant most of the time, certain things can cause an outbreak. Symptoms of a cold sore are marked by itching and soreness before a small patch of erythema develops then a vesicle that erodes appears on the lips. A cold sore is contagious and your best is to avoid close contact with a person who has an outbreak. It can spread to someone else by intimate contact such as kiss. These are some tips how to get rid of a cold sore: - Protect and Boost your immune system. Take your vitamin C daily and get enough sleep and rest. - A healthy diet with plenty of fresh, unprocessed foods. Eat foods high in vitamin C. - Avoiding foods that contain arginine, another amino acid that suppresses lysine; nuts, dairy products, meat, seeds, oats, peanuts and corn all contain arginine - Limit you consumption of processed foods, cola drinks, sugar and caffeine, which may increase the chance of an outbreak. - Don’t share the glass, food utensils, towel or a toothbrush with someone who has a cold sore. - Avoid intimate contact such as kissing with person which has a cold sore on the lips. - Stay out of the sun and wind, or at least limit exposure, because overexposure to sun and wind can provoke outbreaks. Cold sore is caused by herpes, it cannot be cured and it stays with you forever. But with effective cold sore cure, herpes doesnt have to get in the way of living. The goal of treatment for a cold sore is to provide relief from the discomfort of cold sores and to reduce the time it takes for an outbreak to heal. If you have any concerns about a cold sore, always consult to your doctor before choosing a treatment to cure your cold sore. How to get rid of cold sore COLD SORES HURT YOU! Emotionally, psychologically, and physically, they hurt on a daily basis. Did you know there are side effects from the daily grind of putting harsh unknown chemicals on your lips or face? Find out exactly what there are and How to get rid of a cold sore PERMANETLYClick here: Cold Sore CURE! Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Riri_Shandra http://EzineArticles.com/?How-to-Get-Rid-of-a-Cold-Sore&id=397334 xanax without us prescription buy xanax valium xanax mexico pharmacy xanax prescription buy xanax without a prescription

By Lyne Doxley Are you tired of giving the same old fondue sets, personalized towels, and kitchenware to friends and family when someone decides to tie the knot? How about a few ideas for unusual bridal shower gifts thatll really make em smile? Here are a few things you might just want to consider the next time someone you know and love is getting married. Spa Finder Gift Certificate Now this is a bridal shower gift that you can present to the bride-to-be only or make it a double to include her groom. At www.SpaFinder.com, youll find gift certificates available for everything from facials to body wraps to (of course!) full-body massages. A gift like this can be used by the bride (and/or groom) before, during the honeymoon, or after the wedding. Easy to personalize with the names of the recipient(s), these gift certificates come in all sorts of denominations ranging from $50 to $1,000 in $25 increments. These are accepted at more than 3,500 spas around the world, but make sure theres one in the soon-to-be-married couples neighborhood before you shell out the bucks! And while youre at the site, check out their candles, Harry & David assorted chocolate truffles, and other goodies created to pamper. You might want to buy a few things for yourself! Custom-Created Oil Painting You can give a bridal shower gift that will be cherished forever by having a custom oil painting done of the couple from a photograph. At www.WeddingShowerGifts.com, trained artists render remarkable likenesses in oil on real canvas for amazingly reasonable prices. Send them a picture of the bride and groom, and theyll send you back a rolled canvas (no framing offered) of the subjects in your choice of prices and sizes: 8×10, 12×16, 16×20, or 20×24 priced from $90 to $470 plus shipping. From the time you send the photograph to them sending it back to you as a real oil painting only takes from between 15 and 20 days. The site also offers this service as a gift certificate. Lottery Tickets Now many people might frown on this as a bridal shower gift, but youd be surprised at how happy the sight of them makes a prospective bride (or groom!). And if they win, well You can bet theyll forever be grateful to you for having been so thoughtful as to give them the chance to win big bucks in the state lottery! Buy them in a bunch 20 or more to make enjoying them that much more exciting. Put them in a small box, wrap elegantly, and then present it with aplomb. You just never know! You might be party to making someone a millionaire! These are just a few ideas to get you thinking outside of the box the bridal shower gift box, that is and on your way to giving a gift thats not only unusual, but always welcomed. So give it some thought! Youre sure to come up with some great ideas on your own. Visit Aragia.com for bridal shower favor tips. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lyne_Doxley http://EzineArticles.com/?Where-to-Find-Unusual-Bridal-Shower-Gifts&id=394799 buy link onlinejixxde tramadol cheap ultram prescription buy ultram cheaply online prescription of tramadol

By Scot McKay My younger brother got married a few years ago. It was a typical church wedding, which meant that the minister who was marrying them inevitably gave a sermon. And it was a good one. By this, I mean I remember the outline of it three and a half years later. And I can’t remember that much about any sermon I’ve heard since, frankly. The title of the sermon was, “The Three Ingredients of a Successful Marriage”. I remember my exact, admittedly cynical thoughts upon hearing that announcement. My first impression: Yawn. Then I thought, “Yeah, yeah’Love, Trust, and Commitment’, right? Or being friends with each other. Or something else I’ve heard before.” How wrong I was. Going through a divorce at the time, what that minister proceeded to present was a gift beyond price. The three “ingredients” turned out to be anything but the trite, usual drivel we’ve all heard before. In fact, they are all but secret to most of us. Today, it is my pleasure to take those three secrets and impart them to you-albeit with my own spin, of course. 1) Always Think The Best Of Each Other Basically, the concept here is that both spouses should gravitate towards the positive options when considering each other’s intentions, actions, whereabouts, etc. If s/he says something that could have two meanings, assume the positive one. If s/he says s/he is “working late”, believe it. Yeah, I realize this is all about “trust”, but it’s much deeper. It’s more like having the self-esteem to be confident in one’s choice of a spouseenough to believe that s/he has the best interests of both partners in mind. What an amazing gift this is. And you know what, I would tend to believe this is an attitude that falls under the “self-fulfilling prophecy” department. 2) Forgive Quickly There is absolutely, positively zero chance that a long, successful marriage is going to be 100% free of mistakes having been made over the long haul. Hellover the short haul, either, for that matter. And when they happen, just let it go. This is disarmingly important. See, if this isn’t done, there ends up being a “cumulative effect of all the small things”. Don’t ask me why that’s in quotes-you don’t want to know. Let’s just say it leads to divorce. Let me ask you this: Assuming you have a “significant other”, has there ever been an argument where one or both partners brought up something that happened weeks, months or even YEARS ago? Yeah, well then that’s what has to be addressed here. There wasn’t ever any true forgiveness if that’s going on. Now, I’m not talking about forgiving major, real breaches of covenant here as covered in a previous newsletter. There’s a different concept at play here, and I think you get my drift. If you don’t, email me right away for some coaching! 3) Never Compare Your Spouse To Others Hey, guess what? If you have a partner, and didn’t “settle”, and KNEW THAT FACT from the start, then you’ve got a GOOD ONE. After the “honeymoon” is over, and you have gotten to know your partner really well, it’s easy (but pathetic) to forget that and incredibly tempting-and oh so easy-to start with the, “Why can’t you be more like X?” stuff. Well, resist that temptation and DON’T. Beyond the simple fact that it betrays trust, makes both of you feel inferior to someone else (Did he say “both of you”?uh, yeah I did.), and is just flat-out “dirty pool”, it MAKES NO SENSE. Look, here’s the deal: Anyone you are comparing your significant other to is 1) someone you do not know as deeply, and are therefore more easily able to “idealize”, and 2) someone you likely haven’t known as long, and is therefore “novel” to you. So, the comparisons aren’t fair at all, let alone comprehensive. If you’ve got a good partner, rejoice-and don’t make comparisons that will throw water on, if not outright kill your relationship. If you don’t feel you have a good partner, change that if you are unmarried and get to where you DESERVE WHAT YOU WANT instead; or if you are married, get the help you need to get the relationship to where it needs to be. A few weeks ago I was talking to my brother on the phone. I asked him if he remembered what the minister preached about at his wedding. Indeed, he did. Does that somehow correlate to the fact that he and his bride are still blissfully married three and a half years later-with an excellent prognosis for the future? I think so. In six days my brother, who has since gone on to be a minister in his own right, will be the officiant at our wedding when Emily and I get married. I’m looking forward to the sermon. Scot McKay’s dating strategies are found at http://www.deservewhatyouwant.com/. Stop by right now and grab a FREE e-book ($20 value) when you sign up for the X & Y Communications Newsletter, which is always packed with unique and practical dating tips. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Scot_McKay http://EzineArticles.com/?Three-Secrets-To-Long-Term-Relationship-Success&id=375599 buy xanax valium zolpidem ambien valium online valium with no prescription buy anax valium online florida

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Taraka_Serrano]Taraka Serrano If you think your cell phone’s low SAR rating will keep you safe from your phone’s radio frequency/microwave radiation, think again. Several studies have shown that even low-intensity radiation, up to 200,000 lower than existing safety standards, produces biological effects. What is SAR, anyway? Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure of the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by the body when using a mobile phone. The FCC has adopted limits for safe exposure to radio frequency and requires cell phone manufacturers to ensure that their phones comply. Any cell phone at or below these SAR levels (that is, any phone legally sold in the U.S.) is a “safe” phone, as measured by these standards. The FCC limit for public exposure from cellular telephones is an SAR level of 1.6 watts per kilogram (1.6 W/kg). (You can request your cell phone’s SAR information from the manufacturer or your carrier.) When radio frequency energy impinges upon your body tissue, part of it is absorbed and converted to heat due to ionic conduction. This heat manifests itself as a temperature increase inside the tissue. Earlier on the government and the industry have come to the conclusion that if this heating is below a certain level, then the radiation level is safe. Biological Effects from Low Exposure But several laboratory studies show that nonthermal (non-heating) effects, including those occurring at levels way below the current SAR standards, can be dangerous. During the past several years three out of four independent (non-industry sponsored) research studies worldwide have been showing these nonthermal effects, which include: - DNA damage and nonrepair - breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (allowing chemical toxins and pathogens to reach the brain) - lowered immunity - decreased melatonin levels - effects on stress proteins (indicating cell damage) - formation of micronuclei (aberrations in cell nuclei which are often markers for cancer) - changes in calcium metabolism affecting communication between cells - changes in brainwave patterns as seen on EEG’s - plus effects observed on many different systems of the body. Researchers are cautious in drawing any conclusions that these effects are directly linked to major health problems like cancer and neurological conditions. They are, however, plausible precursors to such conditions, and some evidence suggests there may be an association. Even conservative researchers who have looked into these nonthermal effects express concern that this radiation is a “probable” cause of health problems. Given that bioeffects have been seen in exposures as low as 0.000021 W/Kg (Kwee study on Changes in cell cycle and cell proliferation, 1997) when the FCC limit is 1.6 W/Kg, the safety guidelines need to be re-evaluated. Some scientists, for instance, are calling for a new measure that would indicate the total energy absorbed by a tissue, not just the radio frequency energy as it is with SAR. Filling the Gap In the meantime, what do you, as the consumer, do? If the whole tobacco controversy was any indication, it could take several more years before there develops any clear consensus about this issue. The everyday cell phone user cannot afford to wait. Every time you make a call with your cell phone, radio frequency waves penetrate into your head and potentially put your health at risk. To address concerns of the public becoming more aware of such dangers, there has grown a market to fill the need for protective solutions. Promising new technologies that have passed scientific testing are proven to be effective in preventing biological stress caused by electromagnetic frequencies. Scientists and health professionals concerned about public health recommend these scientifically validated devices and you ought it to yourself to investigate them. It took two decades of study, 100 years of consumer use, and untold millions of casualties before the U.S. Surgeon General’s warning label was placed on cigarette packs. A time will come when the government becomes satisfied with the voluminous data it needs to establish the health risks of cell phone use and set new safety standards. Until then, make sure you do not become a number in the statistics. Don’t wait. copyright 2005 Taraka Serrano Taraka Serrano is a health advocate associated with BIOPRO Technology, a company that provides electromagnetic field (EMF) protection solutions. For more information about the health dangers of EMF exposure and to find out how you can protect yourself and your family, watch the special video report: “The Invisible Dangers of EMF Radiation” at: [http://www.emf-health.com]BIOPRO EMF Protection Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Taraka_Serrano http://EzineArticles.com/?Cell-Phone-Safety-Standards-Not-Safe-Enough&id=83154 purchase ambien cr buy b ambien b ambien prescription purchase ambien without a prescription